unug_1
Qaamuus Soomaali-Ingiriis - Madiina Cismaan, R Deefid Zork [1993]
unug_1
de: base, basis, foundation; beginning, origin, start; creation, invention; novelty; [fig.] baby; [ext.] cell {biology}
hm: 1
initial: u
lx: unug
pd: (-ga)
ps: n2a-m
syn: bilaw, unug
key: unug_1
Qaamuus Soomaali-Ingiriis - Madiina Cismaan, R Deefid Zork [1993]
unug_2
de: originate, invent, begin, found, establish
hm: 2
initial: u
lx: unug
pd: (unkay)
ps: v1=
key: unug_2
Qaamuus Soomaali-Ingiriis - Madiina Cismaan, R Deefid Zork [1993]
gunud_1
de: knot
hm: 1
lx: gunud
pd: (-da)
ps: n1-f, n2a-f
key: gunud_1
Qaamuus Soomaali-Ingiriis - Madiina Cismaan, R Deefid Zork [1993]
murug_1
bw: murugo
de: worry, anxiety, preoccupation, mental ~ emotional torment
hm: 1
lx: murug
pd: (-ta)
ps: n0-f
syn: hammi, uurkutaallo, welwel
key: murug_1
Qaamuus Soomaali-Ingiriis - Madiina Cismaan, R Deefid Zork [1993]
unuun_1
cf: madax
de: head (including the neck)
hm: 1
initial: u
lx: unuun
pd: (-ka)
ps: n2-m
key: unuun_1
Qaamuus Soomaali-Ingiriis - Madiina Cismaan, R Deefid Zork [1993]
urugo_1
de: worry, grief, depression, deep-seated emotion
hm: 1
initial: u
lx: urugo
pd: (/da)
ps: n6-f-col
key: urugo_1
Qaamuuska Af-Soomaaliga - Yaasiin Cismaan Keenadiid [1976]
Unug
(Unug-ga)
Wax aan hor u jirin oo la curina hayo, bilawga ugu horreeya.
Qaamuuska Af-Soomaaliga - Cabdalla Cumar Mansuur iyo Anariita Bugliyelli [2012]
unug
unug¹: m.l (-gyo, m.dh) Wax aan hore u jirin oo la curinayo, bilawga ugu horreeya.
unug²: m.l (-gyo, m.dh) (baay) Halbeegga salka nolosha ee maatar iyo tamarina ka soo uunmaan, ku beddelmaan, ku kaydsaman, kuna isticmaal galaan. Unug kastaa wuxuu ka koobanyahay walxo cufan oo borotiin ah (borotobalaasam), kuwaas oo u meesiyoobey walax xab oo kale ah (saytobalaasam) iyo bu', kaas oo ay ku jirto DNA.
unug³: f.g1 (-nkay, -nugday; -nki) Unug samayn.
Qaamuus-Dugsiyeedka Af-Soomaaliga - Cabdalla Cumar Mansuur iyo Anariita Bugliyelli [2022]
unug
unug¹: m.l (-gyo, m.dh) Wax aan hore u jirin oo la curinayo, bilawga ugu horreeya.
unug²: m.l (-gyo, m.dh) (baay) Halbeegga salka nolosha ee maatar iyo tamarina ka soo uunmaan, ku beddelmaan, ku kaydsaman, kuna isticmaal galaan. Unug kastaa wuxuu ka koobanyahay walxo cufan oo borotiin ah (borotobalaasam), kuwaas oo u meesiyoobey walax xab oo kale ah (saytobalaasam) iyo bu', kaas oo ay ku jirto DNA. m.f.dh, unkid.
Qaamuuska Ereybixinta: Fisikis (Soomaali-Ingiriis) - Xarunta Horumarinta Manaahijta [1987]
Unug
Cell, Unit cell
Qaamuuska Afmaal: Soomaali-Ingiriis - Saciid [2013]
unug
m. n. base, basis, foundation; beginning, origin, start; creation, invention; novelty; baby; cell
unug v. originate, invent, begin, found, establish
Qaamuuska Fiqi: Soomaali-Ingiriis - Cabdiraxmaan C. Xaashi, Cawil Cali Xaashi [1995]
unug
-a: (n) [plural unugyo -da] [Biology]: cell (seel); cell biology.
unug -unkay/unugtay: (v) create (ki-ri-yeeyt); form (foorm); put together; establish (istaa-baliish); construct ~ abuur
SOO MAAL: Qaamuus Af Soomaali - Aadan Xasan Aadan [2013]
unug
(fal) unug samay; wax cusub billaw. Dh: curi.
unug -ga: (magac, lab, keli) wax an hore u jirin oo samayntiisa la curinayo. Unuggii ugu horreeyay ee ciidankeenna, waxa la bilaabay gobanimada ka hor.
unug -ga: (magac, lab, keli) halbeegga ugu hooseeya wax nool ee ay ka dhisanyihiin noolayaashu.
Qaamuus Soomaali-Ingiriis - Madiina Cismaan, R Deefid Zork [1993]
uu_1
de: he
hm: 1
initial: u
lx: uu
ps: vpro-3m
key: uu_1
Qaamuus Soomaali-Ingiriis - Madiina Cismaan, R Deefid Zork [1993]
bug_1
de: be sick, ail
hm: 1
lx: bug
pd: (bukay / bugtay)
ps: v1=st
xe: Are you ill?
xv: Ma bugtaa?
key: bug_1
Qaamuus Soomaali-Ingiriis - Madiina Cismaan, R Deefid Zork [1993]
dug_1
cf: dugsi
de: shelter (from the wind ~ bad weather)
hm: 1
lx: dug
pd: (-ga Pl: dugag (ga))
ps: n4-m
key: dug_1
Qaamuus Soomaali-Ingiriis - Madiina Cismaan, R Deefid Zork [1993]
jug_1
de: bruise, injury (as with a blunt instrument)
hm: 1
lx: jug
pd: (-ta)
ps: n-f-col
xe: Do you have any injuries?
xv: Jug ma ku gaatay?
key: jug_1
Qaamuus Soomaali-Ingiriis - Madiina Cismaan, R Deefid Zork [1993]
mug_1
de: capacity, volume, amount a vessel can contain (e.g., cupful, jugful, etc.)
hm: 1
lx: mug
pd: (-ga Pl: mugag (ga))
ps: n4-m
xe: the capacity of the bottle
xv: dhalada muggeeda
key: mug_1
Qaamuus Soomaali-Ingiriis - Madiina Cismaan, R Deefid Zork [1993]
nur_1
de: season
hm: 1
lx: nur
pd: (-ka)
ps: n-m-time
syn: xilli
key: nur_1
Qaamuus Soomaali-Ingiriis - Madiina Cismaan, R Deefid Zork [1993]
nus_1
de: half
hm: 1
lx: nus
pd: (-ka Pl: nusas (ka))
ps: num-m, n4-m
xe: half an hour
xv: Arabic
key: nus_1
Qaamuus Soomaali-Ingiriis - Madiina Cismaan, R Deefid Zork [1993]
rug_1
de: settlement, village; home, habitat; place, parcel, site, location, position
hm: 1
lx: rug
pd: (-ta)
ps: n1-f
key: rug_1
Qaamuus Soomaali-Ingiriis - Madiina Cismaan, R Deefid Zork [1993]
sug_1
de: wait for, expect
hm: 1
initial: s
lx: sug
pd: (sugay)
ps: v1=tr
xe: Wait a moment.
xv: Sug in yar.
key: sug_1
Qaamuus Soomaali-Ingiriis - Madiina Cismaan, R Deefid Zork [1993]
ugu_1
de: to ... for / at; by (it) ... to (him) = u + ku ~ u
hm: 1
initial: u
lx: ugu
ps: prep + prep
xe: I came to him at the house.
xv: Guriga baan ugu imid.
key: ugu_1
Qaamuus Soomaali-Ingiriis - Madiina Cismaan, R Deefid Zork [1993]
uub_1
de: crevasse, pit, trench
hm: 1
initial: u
lx: uub
pd: (-ta)
ps: n1-f
key: uub_1
Qaamuus Soomaali-Ingiriis - Madiina Cismaan, R Deefid Zork [1993]
uun_1
a: un
de: just, alone, only, merely; some, other
hm: 1
initial: u
lx: uun
ps: adj-atr / adv
key: uun_1
Qaamuus Soomaali-Ingiriis - Madiina Cismaan, R Deefid Zork [1993]
xug_1
bw: xuf
cf: toobin
de: small membrane used with cupping-horn (for medical bleeding)
hm: 1
initial: x
lx: xug
pd: (-ga)
ps: n-m
key: xug_1
Qaamuus Soomaali-Ingiriis - Madiina Cismaan, R Deefid Zork [1993]
dhug_1
cf: caqli, dhugmo, fiiro, garaad, maan, maskax, xirgi
de: consciousness, attention, attentiveness
hm: 1
lx: dhug
pd: (-ta)
ps: n0-f-abs
key: dhug_1
Qaamuus Soomaali-Ingiriis - Madiina Cismaan, R Deefid Zork [1993]
duug_1
de: bury
hm: 1
lx: duug
pd: (duugay)
ps: v1=
key: duug_1
Qaamuus Soomaali-Ingiriis - Madiina Cismaan, R Deefid Zork [1993]
ruug_1
de: knee
hm: 1
lx: ruug
pd: (-ga Pl: ruugag (ga))
ps: n4-m
syn: jilib, low
key: ruug_1
Qaamuus Soomaali-Ingiriis - Madiina Cismaan, R Deefid Zork [1993]
tuug_1
de: beg (for), entreat, implore
hm: 1
initial: t
lx: tuug
pd: (tuugay)
ps: v1=tr
key: tuug_1
Qaamuus Soomaali-Ingiriis - Madiina Cismaan, R Deefid Zork [1993]
udub_1
de: pole, pillar, post
hm: 1
initial: u
lx: udub
pd: (-ka Pl: udbo (/ha))
ps: n3-m, n2a-m
key: udub_1
Qaamuus Soomaali-Ingiriis - Madiina Cismaan, R Deefid Zork [1993]
ugub_1
de: virgin, mature woman ~ female animal that has not yet given birth
hm: 1
initial: u
lx: ugub
pd: (-ka)
ps: n0-m-col
key: ugub_1
Qaamuus Soomaali-Ingiriis - Madiina Cismaan, R Deefid Zork [1993]
urur_1
cf: guddi, lajnad, shir
de: meeting, assembly, gathering; organization, federation; union, association; group, set {mathematics}; battalion {military}
hm: 1
initial: u
lx: urur
pd: (-ka)
ps: n2-m
key: urur_1
Qaamuus Soomaali-Ingiriis - Madiina Cismaan, R Deefid Zork [1993]
cuncun_1
de: itch
hm: 1
lx: cuncun
pd: (cuncunay)
ps: v1=
key: cuncun_1
Qaamuus Soomaali-Ingiriis - Madiina Cismaan, R Deefid Zork [1993]
cunsur_1
de: origin, root, fundamental
hm: 1
lx: cunsur
pd: (-ta)
ps: n2-f
syn: asal, gun
key: cunsur_1
Qaamuus Soomaali-Ingiriis - Madiina Cismaan, R Deefid Zork [1993]
cuskug_1
de: sit and do nothing, stand idle
hm: 1
lx: cuskug
pd: (cuskugay)
ps: v1=
key: cuskug_1
Qaamuus Soomaali-Ingiriis - Madiina Cismaan, R Deefid Zork [1993]
dundun_1
cf: duluc
de: plot, theme; main point, gist, essence
hm: 1
lx: dundun
pd: (-ka)
ps: n-m
key: dundun_1
Qaamuus Soomaali-Ingiriis - Madiina Cismaan, R Deefid Zork [1993]
junuub_1
bw: jinaab
de: ejaculation, orgasm (while asleep)
hm: 1
lx: junuub
nt: junuub (junuubay) [v1=]
pd: (-ka)
ps: n0-m
xv: Arabic
key: junuub_1
Qaamuus Soomaali-Ingiriis - Madiina Cismaan, R Deefid Zork [1993]
rugrug_1
de: rhythmic beating (of the heart)
hm: 1
lx: rugrug
pd: (-ta)
ps: n-f
key: rugrug_1
Qaamuus Soomaali-Ingiriis - Madiina Cismaan, R Deefid Zork [1993]
shurug_1
de: spite, mischief
hm: 1
initial: s
lx: shurug
pd: (-ga)
ps: n0-m
xe: Same to you! [when returning a curse]
xv: Shuruggaa ku raac!
key: shurug_1
Qaamuus Soomaali-Ingiriis - Madiina Cismaan, R Deefid Zork [1993]
burur_1
de: fragments, pieces
hm: 1
lx: burur
pd: (-ka)
ps: n2-m
key: burur_1
Qaamuus Soomaali-Ingiriis - Madiina Cismaan, R Deefid Zork [1993]
cudud_1
de: upper arm; [ext.] force
hm: 1
lx: cudud
pd: (-da)
ps: n1-f
syn: jin; xoog
key: cudud_1
Qaamuus Soomaali-Ingiriis - Madiina Cismaan, R Deefid Zork [1993]
cudur_1
bw: xanuun
de: ailment, disease, infirmity
hm: 1
lx: cudur
pd: (-ka)
ps: n2-m
syn: bugto, jirro; Opp: fayoobi
key: cudur_1
Qaamuus Soomaali-Ingiriis - Madiina Cismaan, R Deefid Zork [1993]
cunno_1
a: cunto
cf: calaf, calalis, caysh, dheef
de: food, meal
hm: 1
lx: cunno
pd: (/da)
ps: n6-f-mass
key: cunno_1
Qaamuus Soomaali-Ingiriis - Madiina Cismaan, R Deefid Zork [1993]
curuf_1
de: annoyance, disturbance
hm: 1
lx: curuf
pd: (-ka)
ps: n2a-m
syn: dhib, shiddo
key: curuf_1
Qaamuus Soomaali-Ingiriis - Madiina Cismaan, R Deefid Zork [1993]
curuq_1
de: fatigue, muscle weakness
hm: 1
lx: curuq
pd: (-a)
ps: n0-m-abs
key: curuq_1
Qaamuus Soomaali-Ingiriis - Madiina Cismaan, R Deefid Zork [1993]
dhuug_1
de: tse-tse fly
hm: 1
lx: dhuug
pd: (-ga Pl: dhuugag (ga))
ps: n-m-col
syn: gandi, riibi
key: dhuug_1
Qaamuus Soomaali-Ingiriis - Madiina Cismaan, R Deefid Zork [1993]
duluc_1
de: drawstring
hm: 1
lx: duluc
pd: (-a)
ps: n2a-m
key: duluc_1
Qaamuus Soomaali-Ingiriis - Madiina Cismaan, R Deefid Zork [1993]
dunji_1
de: whole, complete, entire
hm: 1
lx: dunji
pd: (-ga)
ps: n-m-col
key: dunji_1
Qaamuus Soomaali-Ingiriis - Madiina Cismaan, R Deefid Zork [1993]
engeg_1
de: dry out, become dry, be withered
hm: 1
lx: engeg
pd: (engegay)
ps: v1=intr
key: engeg_1
Qaamuus Soomaali-Ingiriis - Madiina Cismaan, R Deefid Zork [1993]
fulul_1
de: shallow-rooted plant
hm: 1
lx: fulul
pd: (-ka)
ps: n2-m
key: fulul_1
Qaamuus Soomaali-Ingiriis - Madiina Cismaan, R Deefid Zork [1993]
furun_1
bw: Arabic
de: oven, stove; [ext.] bakery
hm: 1
lx: furun
pd: (-ka)
ps: n2-m
key: furun_1
Qaamuus Soomaali-Ingiriis - Madiina Cismaan, R Deefid Zork [1993]
gudub_1
de: cross, go across, traverse; surpass; pass (an examination)
hm: 1
lx: gudub
pd: (gudbay)
ps: v1=
xe: Cross this street!
xv: Waddadan gudub!
key: gudub_1
Qaamuus Soomaali-Ingiriis - Madiina Cismaan, R Deefid Zork [1993]
guguc_1
bw: gugac
de: thunder
hm: 1
lx: guguc
pd: (-a)
ps: n2a-m
syn: hanqar, onkod
key: guguc_1
Qaamuus Soomaali-Ingiriis - Madiina Cismaan, R Deefid Zork [1993]
guluf_1
cf: faras
de: attack with a small party of horseman; canter, gallop slowly
hm: 1
lx: guluf
pd: (gulfay)
ps: v1=
key: guluf_1
Qaamuus Soomaali-Ingiriis - Madiina Cismaan, R Deefid Zork [1993]
gunud_2
de: tie a knot
hm: 2
lx: gunud
pd: (guntay)
ps: v1=
key: gunud_2
Qaamuus Soomaali-Ingiriis - Madiina Cismaan, R Deefid Zork [1993]
guruf_1
de: fodder
hm: 1
lx: guruf
pd: (-ka)
ps: n2a-m-mass
key: guruf_1
Qaamuus Soomaali-Ingiriis - Madiina Cismaan, R Deefid Zork [1993]
julul_1
de: wrong doing, offense
hm: 1
lx: julul
pd: (-ka)
ps: n-m
key: julul_1
Qaamuus Soomaali-Ingiriis - Madiina Cismaan, R Deefid Zork [1993]
muluq_1
de: baby, newborn child
hm: 1
lx: muluq
pd: (-a)
ps: n2a-m
syn: murjuc
key: muluq_1
Qaamuus Soomaali-Ingiriis - Madiina Cismaan, R Deefid Zork [1993]
murug_2
de: worry, be worried ~ deeply concerned
hm: 2
lx: murug
pd: (murgay)
ps: v1=intr
key: murug_2
Qaamuus Soomaali-Ingiriis - Madiina Cismaan, R Deefid Zork [1993]
murug_3
de: mixture, tangle; [ext.] multicolored pattern
hm: 3
lx: murug
pd: (-ga)
ps: n2a-m
key: murug_3
Qaamuus Soomaali-Ingiriis - Madiina Cismaan, R Deefid Zork [1993]
murug_4
de: get mixed up, become entangled, be tangled
hm: 4
lx: murug
pd: (murgay)
ps: v1=inch
key: murug_4
Qaamuus Soomaali-Ingiriis - Madiina Cismaan, R Deefid Zork [1993]
murug_5
cf: murdi ~ muri
de: crumbs, remaining contents of food (which one scrapes off with one's finger)
hm: 5
lx: murug
pd: (-ga)
ps: n-m-mass
key: murug_5
Qaamuus Soomaali-Ingiriis - Madiina Cismaan, R Deefid Zork [1993]
murux_1
de: stripped part ~ area, skinned ~ bare object
hm: 1
lx: murux
pd: (-a)
ps: n-m
key: murux_1
Qaamuus Soomaali-Ingiriis - Madiina Cismaan, R Deefid Zork [1993]
nugul_1
cf: jilicsan
de: soft; delicate, weak, not hardy; docile Opp: adag
hm: 1
lx: nugul
pd: (nuglaa)
ps: adj
key: nugul_1
Qaamuus Soomaali-Ingiriis - Madiina Cismaan, R Deefid Zork [1993]
nuxur_1
de: best part of anything; essence; theme
hm: 1
lx: nuxur
pd: (-ka)
ps: n2-m
xe: Take the best part of the speech.
xv: La bax nuxurka hadalka.
key: nuxur_1
Qaamuus Soomaali-Ingiriis - Madiina Cismaan, R Deefid Zork [1993]
qulub_1
de: gloom, depression
hm: 1
lx: qulub
pd: (-ka)
ps: n0-m-abs
key: qulub_1
Qaamuus Soomaali-Ingiriis - Madiina Cismaan, R Deefid Zork [1993]
qurub_1
de: bit, fragment, piece
hm: 1
lx: qurub
pd: (-ka)
ps: n2a-m
key: qurub_1
Qaamuus Soomaali-Ingiriis - Madiina Cismaan, R Deefid Zork [1993]
qurun_1
cf: ur
de: stink, bad smell; rottenness
hm: 1
lx: qurun
pd: (-ka)
ps: n-m-abs
key: qurun_1
Qaamuus Soomaali-Ingiriis - Madiina Cismaan, R Deefid Zork [1993]
ruduc_1
de: plait, braid
hm: 1
lx: ruduc
pd: (rudcay)
ps: v1=tr
key: ruduc_1
Qaamuus Soomaali-Ingiriis - Madiina Cismaan, R Deefid Zork [1993]
rukun_1
bw: Arabic
de: pillar
hm: 1
lx: rukun
pd: (-ka)
ps: n2-m
key: rukun_1
Qaamuus Soomaali-Ingiriis - Madiina Cismaan, R Deefid Zork [1993]
sufur_1
a: sifir
bw: Arabic
de: zero, nought
hm: 1
initial: s
lx: sufur
pd: (-ka)
ps: n2-m
key: sufur_1
Qaamuus Soomaali-Ingiriis - Madiina Cismaan, R Deefid Zork [1993]
sulub_1
cf: suubaan
de: polished stone; anything smooth and polished
hm: 1
initial: s
lx: sulub
pd: (-ka)
ps: n2a-m
key: sulub_1
Qaamuus Soomaali-Ingiriis - Madiina Cismaan, R Deefid Zork [1993]
sulux_1
de: peaceful solution, accord, conciliation
hm: 1
initial: s
lx: sulux
pd: (-a)
ps: n2a-m
key: sulux_1
Qaamuus Soomaali-Ingiriis - Madiina Cismaan, R Deefid Zork [1993]
sunni_1
de: eyebrow
hm: 1
initial: s
lx: sunni
pd: (-da Pl: sunnayaal (/sha))
ps: n7-f, n1-f
key: sunni_1
Qaamuus Soomaali-Ingiriis - Madiina Cismaan, R Deefid Zork [1993]
tuhun_1
bw: Arabic
cf: bidaal, dareen, male, shaki
de: suspicion
hm: 1
initial: t
lx: tuhun
pd: (-ka)
ps: n2(c)-m
key: tuhun_1
Qaamuus Soomaali-Ingiriis - Madiina Cismaan, R Deefid Zork [1993]
tulud_1
cf: geel; neef
de: one camel
hm: 1
initial: t
lx: tulud
pd: (-da)
ps: n1-f
key: tulud_1
Qaamuus Soomaali-Ingiriis - Madiina Cismaan, R Deefid Zork [1993]
turub_1
cf: dheemman, hadhiin, isbig, karaawil; baashi, raani, qulaan
de: playing card deck; [col] cards
hm: 1
initial: t
lx: turub
pd: (-ka)
ps: n2a-m
key: turub_1
Qaamuus Soomaali-Ingiriis - Madiina Cismaan, R Deefid Zork [1993]
turuq_1
cf: muruq
de: muscle
hm: 1
initial: t
lx: turuq
pd: (-a)
ps: n2a-m
key: turuq_1
Qaamuus Soomaali-Ingiriis - Madiina Cismaan, R Deefid Zork [1993]
u_tag_1
de: go to s.o.
hm: 1
initial: u
lx: u tag
pd: (tagey)
ps: v1=expr
key: u_tag_1
Qaamuus Soomaali-Ingiriis - Madiina Cismaan, R Deefid Zork [1993]
ummul_1
de: woman who has just given birth, during her period of seclusion after childbirth
hm: 1
initial: u
lx: ummul
pd: (/sha)
ps: n1-f
key: ummul_1
Qaamuus Soomaali-Ingiriis - Madiina Cismaan, R Deefid Zork [1993]
unuun_2
de: plant sp.
hm: 2
initial: u
lx: unuun
pd: (-ka)
ps: n-m
key: unuun_2
Qaamuus Soomaali-Ingiriis - Madiina Cismaan, R Deefid Zork [1993]
urugo_2
cf: feero, qaaxo
de: tuberculosis, pneumonia, lung disorder
hm: 2
initial: u
lx: urugo
pd: (/da)
ps: n0-f
key: urugo_2
Qaamuus Soomaali-Ingiriis - Madiina Cismaan, R Deefid Zork [1993]
xukun_1
bw: Arabic
de: rule, command, decree; justice, verdict, sentence, judgement
hm: 1
initial: x
lx: xukun
pd: (-ka)
ps: n2-m
key: xukun_1
Qaamuus Soomaali-Ingiriis - Madiina Cismaan, R Deefid Zork [1993]
xusul_1
a: suxul
de: elbow
hm: 1
initial: x
lx: xusul
pd: (-ka)
ps: n2-m
key: xusul_1
Qaamuus Soomaali-Ingiriis - Madiina Cismaan, R Deefid Zork [1993]
yusur_1
de: shiny black skin color
hm: 1
initial: y
lx: yusur
pd: (-ka)
ps: n0-m-abs
key: yusur_1
Qaamuus Soomaali-Ingiriis - Madiina Cismaan, R Deefid Zork [1993]
xundhur_1
de: navel, umbilical cord
hm: 1
initial: x
lx: xundhur
pd: (-ta)
ps: n1-f
syn: xuddun
key: xundhur_1